I-Aluminium Ihlanzwa Kanjani Futhi Yiziphi Izinto Eziqukethe?

I-Aluminium (Al) iyinsimbi emhlophe elula, esiliva ebekwe endaweni yesithathu eningi kakhulu oqweqweni loMhlaba, ilandela umoya-mpilo ne-silicon kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusabela kwayo okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali, ayiveli ngokwemvelo ngesimo sayo sensimbi emsulwa. Esikhundleni salokho, itholakala kuma-compounds, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwe-bauxite ore, ingxube yama-aluminium oxides aqukethe amanzi ahlanganisa i-gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), i-boehmite (AlO(OH)), kanye ne-diaspore.

Inqubo Yokucwenga Ngezigaba Ezimbili

Uhambo oluvela ku-bauxite eluhlaza luya ku-i-aluminium ehlanzekile kakhulu ihilelaizinqubo ezimbili ezihlukene zezimboni.

Isigaba sokuqala inqubo yeBayer, eyasungulwa ngo-1888. I-bauxite echotshoziwe ixutshwa nesisombululo esishisayo se-sodium hydroxide ngaphansi kwengcindezi, incibilikisa amaminerali aphethe i-aluminium ngenkathi ishiya ukungcola okufana nama-iron oxides kanye ne-silica ngemuva. Isixazululo se-sodium aluminate esiphumelayo siyahlungwa ukuze kususwe izinsalela zodaka olubomvu, sihlwanyelwe ngamakristalu e-aluminium hydroxide, bese sifakwa i-calcium cishe ku-1,100°C ukuze kukhiqizwe i-alumina emhlophe emsulwa, noma i-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃). Ngaphezu kwama-90% e-alumina emhlabeni manje akhiqizwa ngale ndlela.

Isigaba sesibili yinqubo ye-Hall Héroult. I-Alumina inezinga lokuncibilika elingaphezu kuka-2,000°C, okwenza i-electrolysis eqondile ingasebenzi. Isixazululo sisekuncibilikiseni i-Al₂O₃ ku-cryolite encibilikisiwe (Na₃AlF₆), okwehlisa izinga lokushisa lokusebenza libe cishe ngu-950~1,000°C. Ugesi udlula engxubeni. I-aluminium encibilikisiwe iqoqana phansi (i-cathode), kuyilapho i-oxygen ihlangana nama-carbon anode ukuze kwakheke i-CO₂. Le ndlela ye-electrolytic ihlala iyinqubo kuphela yezimboni yokukhiqiza i-aluminium eyinhloko, ekhiqiza insimbi yobumsulwa obungu-99.5~99.8%.

Yiziphi Izinto Eziqukethwe Yi-Aluminium?

I-aluminiyamu emsulwa ngokwayo iqukethe i-element Al kuphela, enenombolo ye-athomu engu-13 kanye nesisindo se-athomu esingaba ngu-26.98 g/mol. I-aluminiyamu ehlanzekile yezentengiselwano (98.8–99.7% Al) iqukethe izinsalela ezincane zensimbi ne-silicon njengokungcola kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, iningiizinhlelo zokusebenza zithembele kuma-alloy e-aluminium, lapho izakhi ezithile zengezwa ngamabomu ukuze zilungele izakhiwo zemishini.

Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo, uchungechunge lwe-6000 (isb., 6061) lusebenzisa i-magnesium ne-silicon njengezakhi zalo eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa, ngokuvamile i-0.8 ~ 1.2% Mg kanye ne-0.400 ~ .8% Si. Le ngxube inikeza ibhalansi enhle kakhulu yamandla aphakathi nendawo, ukushibilika okuhle, kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kwemishini.

Ngezidingo zamandla aphezulu, uchungechunge lwe-7000 (isb., 7075) luhlanganisa i-zinc nethusi njengezinto eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa, cishe i-5.16 ~ .1% Zn kanye ne-1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. I-T6 tender ye-7075 inikeza cishe amandla okudonswa kabili kwe-6061-T6, okwenza kube yinto ekhethwayo yezingxenye zezindiza kanye nezakhiwo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.

Amanani amancane e-chromium, i-manganese, ne-titanium nawo avame ukuba khona kuma-alloy okuhweba, ngalinye lidlala indima ekucwengisisweni kokusanhlamvu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukuqonda ukwakheka okunembile kwe-alloy ngayinye kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto ezifanele izidingo ezithile zomshini noma zokukhiqiza.